Justia Constitutional Law Opinion Summaries

During a traffic stop, Kevin Woods was found in possession of drugs, a scale, a loaded semiautomatic pistol, and additional high-capacity firearm magazines. He was charged with possession of a controlled substance and carrying a dangerous weapon while in the illegal possession of a controlled substance or while committing an indictable offense. Woods pleaded guilty to both charges but challenged the latter conviction, arguing it violated his Second Amendment rights and article I, section 1A of the Iowa Constitution.The Iowa District Court for Polk County denied Woods's motion to dismiss the dangerous weapon charge, reasoning that the legislature could impose reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms. The court concluded that the prohibition on carrying firearms while illegally possessing a controlled substance or committing an indictable offense was a reasonable regulation supported by historical analogues. Woods entered a conditional guilty plea, preserving his right to appeal the constitutionality of his conviction.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and affirmed the lower court's decision. The court held that the Second Amendment does not cover the right to carry a firearm while illegally possessing a controlled substance or committing an indictable offense. The court reasoned that the federal constitutional right to keep and bear arms is limited to responsible, law-abiding citizens engaged in lawful conduct. Additionally, the court found that even if the conduct were covered by the Second Amendment, the regulation was consistent with the nation's historical tradition of firearm regulation. The court also concluded that Woods's conviction did not violate article I, section 1A of the Iowa Constitution, as the state has a compelling interest in public safety, and the statute was narrowly tailored to serve that interest. View "State of Iowa v. Woods" on Justia Law

Jordan Cole consented to a one-year protective order in a domestic abuse case, which prohibited him from possessing firearms under Iowa Code section 724.26(2)(a). Despite this, Cole pawned stolen firearms while the order was in effect. He was charged with theft and violations of section 724.26(2)(a). The theft charge was dropped, and Cole was convicted of two violations of section 724.26(2)(a). He was sentenced to concurrent prison sentences, which were suspended with probation.Cole appealed his convictions, arguing that section 724.26(2)(a) violated the Second Amendment and article I, section 1A of the Iowa Constitution. He also claimed an error in his sentencing order. The Iowa District Court for Story County had denied his motion to dismiss the charges based on these constitutional claims. Cole and the State agreed to dismiss two charges, and Cole waived his jury rights, leading to a trial on the minutes of testimony. The district court found Cole guilty and sentenced him to concurrent terms, suspended with probation, but stated that if probation was revoked, the sentences could be served consecutively.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and held that Cole waived his Second Amendment and article I, section 1A rights by consenting to the protective order, which explicitly prohibited firearm possession. The court affirmed his convictions but agreed with Cole that the sentencing order's provision for consecutive sentences upon probation revocation was unlawful. The court remanded the case for entry of a corrected sentencing order, ensuring that any revocation of probation would not result in consecutive sentences. View "State of Iowa v. Cole" on Justia Law

Patrick Scullark, Jr. was charged with possession of a controlled substance after police officers found methamphetamine in his fanny pack during a search incident to his arrest on unrelated charges. Scullark attempted to pass the fanny pack to another person before being handcuffed. He argued that the search violated his constitutional rights because he could no longer access the fanny pack at the time it was searched.The Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County denied Scullark’s motion to suppress the evidence, finding the search valid as a search incident to arrest. Scullark entered a conditional guilty plea, preserving his right to appeal the suppression ruling. The Iowa Court of Appeals reversed the district court’s decision, agreeing with Scullark that the search did not satisfy the search incident to arrest (SITA) exception because he could not access the fanny pack at the time it was searched.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and vacated the court of appeals decision, affirming the district court’s order. The court held that the search of the fanny pack was valid under both the United States Constitution and the Iowa Constitution. The court concluded that because the fanny pack was worn around Scullark’s waist at the time of his arrest, it was considered part of his person. Therefore, the search was justified as a search of his person incident to a lawful arrest, requiring no additional justification. The court emphasized that the SITA exception allows for a full search of the arrestee’s person and items immediately associated with the person. View "State v. Scullark" on Justia Law

In 2023, police in Des Moines, Iowa, received a tip about suspected narcotics trafficking at a residence. Acting under Iowa Code section 808.16, officers conducted warrantless searches of garbage bags placed curbside for collection. The searches revealed evidence of drug dealing, which was used to obtain a warrant to search the home, leading to further evidence and charges against two occupants, Charles Amble and John Mandracchia. The defendants moved to suppress the evidence, arguing that section 808.16 was unconstitutional.The Iowa District Court for Polk County ruled in favor of the defendants, declaring Iowa Code section 808.16 facially unconstitutional under article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution, as interpreted in State v. Wright. The court suppressed the evidence obtained from the garbage searches and the subsequent home search. The State appealed the decision.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and concluded that the district court erred in its ruling. The court held that the specific provision in Iowa Code section 808.16(3), which deems garbage placed outside for collection in a publicly accessible area as abandoned property, is constitutional both facially and as applied in this case. This provision preempts conflicting local ordinances and negates any reasonable expectation of privacy in such garbage. Consequently, the warrantless trash pulls conducted by the police were lawful, and the evidence obtained was admissible.The Iowa Supreme Court reversed the district court's suppression ruling and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. View "State of Iowa v. Amble" on Justia Law

A qualified nonresident transmission company challenged an Iowa statute that granted incumbent utilities a right of first refusal (ROFR) for electric transmission projects, arguing it was unconstitutionally enacted. The statute prevented the company from competing for projects. The Iowa District Court for Polk County declared the statute unconstitutional under the Iowa Constitution's title and single-subject requirements and issued a permanent injunction against the statute's enforcement.The district court's decision was appealed by the State of Iowa, the Iowa Utilities Board (IUB), and two incumbent utilities, MidAmerican Energy Company and ITC Midwest, LLC. They argued that the district court could not retroactively enjoin their participation in projects awarded under the ROFR while the case was pending. They also contended that the district court lacked jurisdiction and that the nonresident company should have challenged the IUB's rule under Iowa Code chapter 17A.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and affirmed the district court's judgment and permanent injunction. The court held that the ROFR statute was void ab initio due to its unconstitutional enactment. The court determined that the district court had the authority to enjoin the parties from participating in projects awarded under the ROFR, as the incumbents were on notice of the constitutional challenge and no physical construction had begun on the projects. The court also rejected the argument that the IUB's rule could only be challenged under chapter 17A, as the constitutional challenge to the statute inherently invalidated the rule. The court deferred any remaining federal law issues to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). View "LS Power Midcontinent, LLC v. State" on Justia Law

In the fall of 2021, the League of United Latin American Citizens of Iowa (LULAC) filed a petition against the Iowa Secretary of State, the Iowa Voter Registration Commission, and several county auditors. LULAC challenged a 2008 permanent injunction from a different case, which prohibited the dissemination of voter registration forms in languages other than English under the Iowa English Language Reaffirmation Act. LULAC argued that the injunction was wrongly decided and sought its dissolution, along with a declaration that the Act allowed for non-English voting materials.The Iowa District Court for Polk County granted LULAC’s requests, dissolving the King injunction and issuing a declaratory judgment that the Act did not apply to voting materials. The court held that voting materials were necessary to secure the right to vote and thus fell within the rights exception of the Act.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and focused on the issue of standing. The court concluded that LULAC lacked standing to challenge the King injunction and the Secretary of State’s interpretation of the law. The court reasoned that LULAC’s general interest in the proper interpretation and enforcement of the law, as well as its resource diversion in response to the injunction, did not constitute a legally cognizable injury. The court emphasized that standing requires a specific personal or legal injury, which LULAC failed to demonstrate. Consequently, the Iowa Supreme Court reversed the district court’s decision and remanded the case for dismissal. View "League of United Latin American Citizens of Iowa v. Iowa Secretary of State" on Justia Law

In 2016, a fourteen-year-old boy was involuntarily committed, disqualifying him from possessing firearms. Eight years later, he petitioned the district court to restore his firearm rights under Iowa Code section 724.31. The district court found that the statutory requirements were met and restored his firearm rights. The State appealed the decision.The Iowa District Court for Monona County initially reviewed the case and granted the petition to restore the petitioner’s firearm rights. The State then appealed the district court’s decision, arguing that the restoration requirements were not met and questioning the State’s right to appeal the decision.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and first addressed whether the State had the right to appeal the restoration order. The court concluded that the State did have the right to appeal under Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.103(1). The court then reviewed the merits of the case de novo and found that the petitioner had met the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that he would not likely act in a manner dangerous to public safety and that granting the relief would not be contrary to the public interest. The court affirmed the district court’s order restoring the petitioner’s firearm rights. View "In re N.F." on Justia Law

Ezekiel Kieffer was convicted of domestic abuse assault impeding the flow of air or blood and domestic abuse assault causing injury after an altercation with his girlfriend, Daphne. The incident occurred after they returned intoxicated from a community event, leading to a physical confrontation where Kieffer strangled Daphne. Law enforcement was called, and Kieffer was charged and later convicted by a jury. He was sentenced to 180 days (with 93 days suspended) on each count, to be served concurrently, and was also subject to a firearm prohibition.In the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Kieffer was found guilty on both charges. He appealed, arguing insufficient evidence of cohabitation with Daphne, a violation of the district court’s order in limine, and that the firearm prohibition violated his constitutional rights. The district court had denied his motion for a mistrial based on the State’s alleged violations of the order in limine and included a firearm prohibition in his sentencing order.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and affirmed the convictions and sentence. The court held that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that Kieffer and Daphne were cohabiting, as they were in a serious relationship, and Daphne had moved in with Kieffer. The court also found that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kieffer’s motion for a mistrial, as the alleged violations of the order in limine were promptly addressed and cured. Lastly, the court rejected Kieffer’s constitutional challenge to the firearm prohibition under the Second Amendment, citing recent federal jurisprudence upholding similar prohibitions. The court did not address the state constitutional challenge under article I, section 1A, as it was not necessary for the disposition of the case. View "State of Iowa v. Kieffer" on Justia Law

An officer on patrol stopped a vehicle for a traffic infraction after receiving information that the vehicle’s occupants might have been involved in a drug sale. After initially interacting with the driver, the officer waited for backup before removing the occupants and conducting a search with a drug-sniffing dog, which led to the discovery of a gun. The passenger, Tyre Brown, admitted ownership of the gun and was charged with unlawful possession of a firearm. Brown argued that the officer unlawfully prolonged the stop beyond the time necessary to address the traffic infraction, violating his constitutional rights.The Iowa District Court for Polk County denied Brown’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the search. Brown was found guilty after stipulating to a trial on the minutes of testimony. Brown appealed the denial of his motion to suppress, and the Iowa Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s ruling. The court of appeals concluded that the extension of the stop was permissible under the shared-knowledge doctrine and that the officer had smelled marijuana, justifying further investigation.The Iowa Supreme Court reviewed the case and affirmed the lower courts' decisions. The court held that the shared-knowledge doctrine allowed the officer to act on information provided by another officer who had observed a potential drug transaction, thus justifying the extension of the stop. The court found that the extension of the stop to investigate for drugs did not violate Brown’s constitutional rights. Consequently, the district court’s ruling denying Brown’s motion to suppress was affirmed. View "State of Iowa v. Brown" on Justia Law

Lukouxs Brown was charged with first-degree murder after allegedly killing a coworker. Before his arraignment, his counsel observed signs of mental illness, including hearing voices and a history of schizophrenia. The district court found probable cause to believe Brown was not competent to stand trial and ordered a psychiatric evaluation. Dr. Arnold Andersen diagnosed Brown with a schizophrenia-like disorder and substance abuse disorders, concluding he was not competent but could potentially be restored to competency. Brown was committed to the Iowa Medical and Classification Center (IMCC) for treatment.After eight months of treatment, Dr. Andersen reported that Brown remained incompetent and unlikely to be restored to competency within a reasonable time. The district court, however, allowed the State to obtain a separate psychiatric evaluation, which concluded that Brown was competent. The district court found Brown competent to stand trial and reinstated the criminal proceedings. Brown filed an interlocutory appeal, arguing the district court erred in its competency determination and in allowing the State to obtain a separate evaluation.The Iowa Court of Appeals reviewed the case de novo, found Brown was not competent, and remanded the case for further treatment. The State sought further review, challenging the standard of review and the district court's decision to allow a separate evaluation. The Iowa Supreme Court reaffirmed the de novo standard of review for competency determinations, emphasizing the protection of constitutional rights. The court also held that Iowa Code does not permit separate psychiatric evaluations at the dispositional phase of competency proceedings. The court vacated the Court of Appeals decision, reversed the district court order, and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. View "State of Iowa v. Brown" on Justia Law